USFWS = United States Fish and Wildlife Service. USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency. USDA = United States Department of Agriculture. SWCC = Surface Water Concentration Calculator. SAP = Science Advisory Panel (of the USEPA). PNSP = Pesticide National Synthesis Project. OECD = Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. NOAEL = No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Dose-Level. NOAEC = No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Concentration. NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NMFS = National Marine Fisheries Service. NCWQR = National Center of Water Quality Research. MATC = Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration. LOAEC = Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Concentration. LD50 = Dose lethal to 50% of the tested organisms. LC-MS-MS = Liquid Chromatograph with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. LC50 = Concentration lethal to 50% of the tested organisms. K OW = Octanol-Water partition coefficient. K OC = Partition coefficient between water and organic matter in soil or sediment. HC5 = Hazardous Concentration for ≤ 5% of species. FOIA = Freedom of Information Act (request). ESU = Evolutionarily Significant UnitsFAR = Field Application RateFIFRA = Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. EIIS = Ecological Incident Information System. EFED = Environmental Fate and Effects Division (of the USEPA). EEC = Expected Environmental Concentration. ECOS = Environmental Conservation Online System. EC50 RGR = Concentration causing a 50% reduction in relative growth rate. EC50 = Concentration causing a specified effect in 50% of the tested organisms. EC25 = Concentration causing a specified effect in 25% of the tested organisms. DAC = Diaminochlorotriazine (a metabolite of atrazine, also known by the acronym DACT). CRP = Conservation Reserve Program (lands). CDL = Crop Data LayerCN = field Curve Number. CASM = Comprehensive Aquatic System Model. BO = Biological Opinion (conclusion of the consultation between USEPA and the Services with respect to potential effects in listed species). BE = Biological Evaluation (of potential effects on listed species). AIMS = Avian Incident Monitoring SystemArach. AEMP = Atrazine Ecological Monitoring Program. = Active ingredient (of a pesticide product). Combined with recent mitigation actions by the registrant, this review serves to refine and focus forthcoming listed species assessment efforts for atrazine.Ībbreviations: a.i. Empirical data from long-term monitoring programs and realistic field data on off-target deposition of drift indicate that many other listed species can be removed from consideration because exposures are below conservative toxicity thresholds for direct and indirect effects. It is toxic to plants, but even sensitive plants tolerate episodic exposures, such as those occurring in flowing waters. Because of incomplete exposure pathways, many species can be eliminated from consideration for direct effects. Atrazine does not bioaccumulate, further diminishing exposures among consumers and predators. Preferences for habitat and food sources serve to limit exposure among many listed animal species and animals are relatively insensitive. Ranges of listed species are less well-defined, resulting in overly conservative designations of “May Effect”. Atrazine has been widely studied, extensive environmental monitoring and toxicity data sets are available, and the spatial and temporal uses on major crops are well characterized. In response to registration review in the context of the Endangered Species Act, we evaluated potential direct and indirect impacts of atrazine on listed species and designated critical habitats. Its use potentially overlaps with the ranges of listed (threatened and endangered) species. Atrazine is a triazine herbicide used predominantly on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane in the US.
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